Primary education is the first stage of compulsory education Plato's The Republic popularized the concept of compulsory education in Western intellectual thought. The Talmud praises a sage Joshua ben Gamla with the institution of formal Jewish education in the 1st century AD. Ben Gamla instituted schools in every town and made education compulsory from the age of 6 or 7. Prior to this, parents in Judea. It is preceded by pre-school or nursery education Preschool education or Infant education is the provision of education for children before the commencement of statutory and obligatory education, usually between the ages of zero or three and five, dependent on the jurisdiction and is followed by secondary education Secondary education is the stage of education following primary school. Secondary education is generally the final stage of compulsory education. However, secondary education in some countries includes a period of compulsory and a period of non-compulsory education. The next stage of education is usually college or university. Secondary education. In North America North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and in the western hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the North Pacific Ocean; South America lies to the southeast this stage of education is usually known as elementary education and is generally followed by middle school Middle school and junior high school are levels of schooling that act as a sort of bridge between elementary and high schools. Most school systems use one term or the other, not both; furthermore, the terms are not usually interchangeable. In Chinese culture, especially China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, middle school is a synonym for secondary school.

In most countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education, though in many jurisdictions it is permissible for parents to provide it. The transition to secondary school Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling, known as secondary education, takes place. It follows on from elementary or primary education or high school High school is used in some parts of the world, particularly in Scotland, North America and Oceania to describe an institution that provides all or part of secondary education. The term "high school" originated in Scotland with the world's oldest being the Royal High School in 1505,. It spread to the New World owing to the high prestige is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some educational systems have separate middle schools Middle school and junior high school are levels of schooling that act as a sort of bridge between elementary and high schools. Most school systems use one term or the other, not both; furthermore, the terms are not usually interchangeable. In Chinese culture, especially China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, middle school is a synonym for secondary school with the transition to the final stage of education taking place at around the age of fourteen.

The major goals of primary education are achieving basic literacy Literacy has traditionally been described as the ability to read and write. It is a concept claimed and defined by a range of different theoretical fields. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines literacy as the "ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute and use printed and and numeracy Numeracy is the ability to reason with numbers and other mathematical concepts. To be numerically literate, a person has to be comfortable with logic and reasoning. Some of the areas that are involved in numeracy include: basic numbers, orders of magnitude, geometry, algebra, probability and statistics amongst all pupils, as well as establishing foundations in science Science is a systematic enterprise of gathering knowledge about nature and organizing and condensing that knowledge into testable laws and theories. As knowledge has increased, some methods have proved more reliable than others, and today the scientific method is the standard for science. It includes the use of careful observation, experimentation,, geography Geography is the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of natural and, history History is the study of the human past. Scholars who write about history are called historians. It is a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events. Historians debate the nature of history and its, math Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions, and other social sciences The social sciences are the fields of academic scholarship that explore aspects of human society. "Social science" is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to a plurality of fields outside of the natural sciences. These include: anthropology, archaeology, economics, geography, history, linguistics, political science, international. The relative priority of various areas, and the methods used to teach them, are an area of considerable political debate.

Typically, primary education is provided in schools A school is an institution designed for the teaching of students under the supervision of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is commonly compulsory. In these systems, students progress through a series of schools. The names for these schools vary by country (discussed in the Regional section below), but generally, where the child will stay in steadily advancing classes until they complete it and move on to high school/secondary school. Children are usually placed in classes with one teacher who will be primarily responsible for their education and welfare for that year. This teacher may be assisted to varying degrees by specialist teachers in certain subject areas, often music Music is an art form whose medium is sound. Common elements of music are pitch , rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike), "(art) of the Muses." or physical education Physical education or gymnastics (gym or gym class) is a course taken during primary and secondary education that encourages psychomotor learning in a play or movement exploration setting. The term physical education is commonly used to denote they have participated in the subject area rather than studied it.". The continuity with a single teacher and the opportunity to build up a close relationship with the class is a notable feature of the primary education system.

Traditionally, various forms of corporal punishment Corporal punishment is the deliberate infliction of pain as retribution for an offence, or for the purpose of disciplining or reforming a wrongdoer, or to deter attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. The term usually refers to methodically striking the offender with an implement, whether in judicial, domestic, or educational settings have been an integral part of early education. Recently this practice has come under attack, and in many cases been outlawed, especially in Western countries The Western world, also known as the West and the Occident , is a term that can have multiple meanings depending on its context (e.g., the time period, the region or social situation). Accordingly, the basic definition of what constitutes "the West" varies, expanding and contracting over time, in relation to various historical.

Contents

Albania

Main article Education in Albania The literacy rate in Albania for the total population, age 9 or older, is about 93%. Elementary education is compulsory , but most students continue at least until a secondary education. Students must successfully pass graduation exams at the end of the 8th grade and at the end of the 12th grade in order to continue their education
This section requires expansion.

Australia

Main article Education in Australia Education in Australia is primarily the responsibility of states and territories. Each state or territory government provides the funding and regulates the public and private schools with its governing area, The federal government funds the universities, but these set their own curriculum. Generally, education in Australia follows the three-tier

Primary

Brazil

Main article Education in Brazil Education in Brazil is regulated by the Federal Government, through the Ministry of Education, which defines the guiding principles for the organization of educational programs. Local governments are responsible for establishing state and educational programs following the guidelines and using the funding supplied by the Federal Government

Primary

Burma

Main article Education in Burma
This section requires expansion.

Canada

Main article Education in Canada Education in Canada is provided, funded and overseen by federal, provincial, and local governments.[citation needed] Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the curriculum is overseen by the province. Education in Canada is generally divided into Elementary , followed by Secondary (High School) and Post Secondary (University, College)

Denmark

In Denmark, 9 years of primary school (Folkeskole) are compulsory.

Kindergarten (optional): 6–7 years

10th grade (optional): 16–17 years

Finland

Main article Education in Finland Education after primary school is divided into vocational and academic systems, according to the old German model. Traditionally, the systems do not interoperate, although some of the de jure restrictions have recently been lifted. In particular, an important difference compared other systems is that there is no common "youth school" —

9 years of primary school (Peruskoulu) are compulsory.

Kindergarten (optional): 6–7 years

10th grade (optional): 16–17 years

France

Main article Education in France Primary & secondary education are predominantly public . Education has both public and private elements. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks France's education as the 25th best in the world, being neither significantly higher nor lower than the OECD average
This section requires expansion.

Germany

Main article Education in Germany Responsibility for the German education system lies primarily with the Bundesländer while the federal government only has a minor role. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for mostly 11 to 12 years. Compulsory school attendance applies to

The first school for German children is called de:Grundschule. It takes usually four years, the pupils are between six and ten years old. The education consists of learning to read, write, basic math and general knowledge. In some schools, a first foreign language is introduced, usually English. In the final year of primary school, children receive a recommendation as to which further school they can attend.

This section requires expansion.

Hungary

Main article Education in Hungary The decline of Hungary's population that started in 1981 has also continued in recent years. According to the 2001 census, the population of Hungary was 10,198,000, about half a million less than the figure of twenty years earlier. By 2005 the population dropped to 10,077,000. The age pyramid of the Hungarian population is among the most irregular

Primary School education for children in Hungary takes 8 years.

Iceland

Main article Education in Iceland The Ministry of Education, Science and Culture has the jurisdiction of educational responsibility. Traditionally, education in Iceland has been run in the public sector; there is a small, although growing, number of private education institutions in the country. Over the years, the educational system has been decentralised, and responsibility for

In Iceland, 10 years of primary school (Grunnskóli) are compulsory.

Primary school teaching in Iceland b. ^ Iceland, the Faeroes and Greenland were formally Norwegian possessions until 1814 despite 400 years of Danish monarchy beforehand consists of 10 grade levels. These are:

India

Main article Education in India India has made a huge progress in terms of increasing primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population. India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the economic rise of India. Much of the progress in education has been credited to various private

The National Council of Educational Research and Training The National Council of Educational Research and Training is an apex resource organisation set up by the Government of India, with headquarters at New Delhi, to assist and advise the Central and State Governments on academic matters related to school education (NCERT) is the apex body for school education in India.[1] The NCERT provides support and technical assistance to a number of schools in India and oversees many aspects of enforcement of education policies.[2] In India, the various bodies governing school education system are:

This section requires expansion.

Iran

Main article Education in Iran
This section requires expansion.

Israel

Main article Education in Israel

Ireland

Main article Education in the Republic of Ireland There are three distinct levels of education in Ireland: primary, secondary and higher education. In recent years further education has grown immensely. Growth in the economy since the 1960s has driven much of the change in the education system. Education in Ireland is free at all levels, including college (university), but only for students
This section requires expansion.

Primary school teaching in Republic of Ireland Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɪərlənd/ , locally [ˈaɾlənd], Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)), described as the Republic of Ireland (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann), is a country in north-western Europe. The modern sovereign state occupies about five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921 consists of 8 class levels. These are:

Junior and Senior infants correspond to Kindergarten Kindergarten (German, literally means "children's garden") is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling. Children are taught to develop basic skills through creative play and social interaction. In most countries kindergarten is part of the preschool system.

The subjects mainly taught in primary school are:

The content of the Religion course taught depends on the management of the school. Many schools are managed and owned by the Roman Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with more than a billion members. The Church's leader is the Pope who holds supreme authority in concert with the College of Bishops of which he is the head. A communion of the Western church and 22 autonomous Eastern Catholic churches (called, with a lesser number belonging to the Church of Ireland The Church of Ireland is a Protestant church, an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion, operating across the island of Ireland, and the largest non-Roman Catholic religious body on the island. Like other Episcopal churches, it considers itself to be both Catholic, in that its beliefs and practices are based on a continuous tradition dating and a handful run by other religions such as Muslims The documented history of Islam in Ireland dates to the 1950s. The number of Muslims in Ireland increased considerably since the 1990s, or to a new group called "Educate Together" which advocates a neutral approach to religion. Each school body decides on the emphasis of its religious instruction. In Catholic schools 2nd and 6th class prepare children for Holy Communion The Eucharist, also called Holy Communion, Sacrament of the Table, the Blessed Sacrament, or The Lord's Supper, and other names, is a Christian sacrament or ordinance, generally considered to be a re-enactment of the Last Supper, the final meal that Jesus Christ shared with his disciples before his arrest and crucifixion, during which he gave them and Confirmation Confirmation is in all Roman Catholic churches, a rite of initiation normally by laying on of hands and/or anointing for the purpose of bestowing the Gifts of the Holy Spirit. In some denominations, confirmation bestows full membership in the church upon the recipient. In others, such as the Roman Catholic Church, confirmation "renders the respectively. In the Church of Ireland this preparation is done when the pupil is aged about 14 years, and is in secondary school.

Children may start at primary school at any age between four and six years of age. Most children finish primary school at or around twelve years of age.

Italy

Primary school teaching in Italy consists of 5 grades. Before the First Grade, there is the kindergarten (scuola materna in Italian), but it's not compulsory.

Elementary

First Grade (6–7 years) Second Grade (7–8 years) Third Grade (8–9 years) Fourth Grade (9–10 years) Fifth Grade (10–11 years)

Schools used to have a six day school week, Monday to Saturday. Lately, as of 2008, most elementary and middle schools have reduced the school week to five days, with high schools remaining with six.[3]

This section requires expansion.

Japan

Main article Elementary schools in Japan
A large elementary school in Magome Magome-juku was the forty-third of the sixty-nine stations of the Nakasendō, an ancient road that connected Kyoto and Edo during the Edo period. It was also the last of eleven stations along the Kisoji, which was the precursor to a part of the Nakasendō, running through the Kiso Valley. This well-preserved section of the old route is in the, Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is.

Malaysia

In Malaysia, children usually spend 6 years in elementary/primary school. They will get into kindergarten when they are 5 or 6 years old. When they are 7 years old, they will go to the primary school.

Year 1 : age 7 - age 8 Year 2 : age 8 - age 9 Year 3 : age 9 - age 10 Year 4 : age 10 - age 11 Year 5 : age 11 - age 12 Year 6 : age 12 - age 13

In year 6, they will take a big major exam, Ujian Penilaian Sekolah Rendah(UPSR). Usually, the kids with excellent results for the UPSR exam will go to boarding school, while the other kids will go to high school.

Morocco

Main article Education in Morocco
This section requires expansion.

New Zealand

Main article Education in New Zealand Education in New Zealand follows the three-tier model which includes primary schools, followed by secondary schools and tertiary education at universities and/or polytechs
This section requires expansion.

Palestinian territories

Main article Education in the Palestinian territories
This section requires expansion.

Poland

Main article Education in Poland
This section requires expansion.

Singapore

Main article Education in Singapore

Primary education in Singapore, normally starting at age six, is a four-year foundation stage (Primary 1 to 4) and a two-year orientation stage (Primary 5 to 6). Primary education is compulsory and free, though there is a fee of up to SGD 13 monthly per student to help cover miscellaneous costs.

During the foundation stage, all students are taught English Language as a first language, a mother tongue as a second language and Mathematics. Science is introduced from Primary 3 onwards. In addition to these examinable subjects, lessons in Civics and Moral Education, arts and crafts, music, health education, social studies and physical education are conducted at various levels. Students are also introduced to project work, receive pastoral care and career guidance, and are to participate in Co-Curricular Activities and Community Involvement Programmes.

In the orientation stage, weaker students are banded based on their abilities in the four examinable subjects. Known as "Subject-based Banding"[1], they take individual subjects either at the standard or foundation level. Conversely, higher mother tongue is offered for higher ability students.

Syria

9 years of primary school are compulsory.

Kindergarten (optional): 5–6 years

Also Look at Education in Syria

The Netherlands

Main article Education in the Netherlands
This section requires expansion.

Children in the Netherlands must be at least four years old to enter primary education. Almost all 4-year-olds (99.3%) in the Netherlands indeed attend primary school, although this is not compulsory until children reach the age of 5. Primary school is free of charge. In most schools, children are grouped by age in mixed ability classes, with one teacher for all subjects. Primary school consists of 8 groups (thus 8 years of scholing). During the first two years (kindergarten), children receive an average of 22 hours of education, during the last 6 years children receive an average of 25 hours per week. Schools are open 5 days a week, but children are free on Wednesday afternoon. The first two years children are also free on Friday afternoon. At the end of primary school, in group 8, schools advice on secondary school choice. Most schools use a national test to support this advice, for instance the 'Citotoets', a test developed by the Central Institute for Test development.

For more information: [2]

United Kingdom

Main article Education in the United Kingdom

Primary education is provided by state schools run by the government and by independent fee-paying schools. In the state system children are either educated in separate infant and junior schools or in a combined primary school. Schools in the private sector providing primary education are generally known as preparatory schools or prep schools. In the private sector the transfer to the final stage of education often takes place at 14.

England

Main article Education in England

Children start school either in the year or the term in which they reach five depending upon the policy of the Local Education Authority. All state schools are obliged to follow a centralised National Curriculum. The primary school years are split into Key Stages:

At the end of Key Stage 2 in Year 6 all children in state primary schools are required to take National Curriculum tests in reading, writing, mathematics and science also called SATs. All state primary schools are under the jurisdiction of the Department for Children, Schools and Families and are required to receive regular inspections by the Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED). Private schools are inspected by the Independent Schools Inspectorate.

Northern Ireland

Main article Education in Northern Ireland

Children start school either in the year or the term in which they reach four. All state schools are obliged to follow a centralised National Curriculum. The primary school years are split into Key Stages:

At the end of Key Stage 2 in P7, all children are offered the voluntary Eleven Plus (also called the transfer procedure) examinations, though the parents of thirty percent of children elect not to, and send their kids to secondary schools instead of grammar schools.[4]

All state primary schools are under the jurisdiction of the Department of Education.

Wales

Main article Primary Education in Wales
This section requires expansion.

Children in Wales spend 7 years at primary school between the ages of 4-11

Scotland

Main article Education in Scotland

In Scotland children typically spend seven years in a primary school, whose years are named P1 to P7. Children enter P1 at the age of four or five (according to a combination of birth date and parental choice).

Primary 1 (aged 4–5) Primary 2 (aged 5–6) Primary 3 (aged 6–7) Primary 4 (aged 7–8) Primary 5 (aged 8–9) Primary 6 (aged 9–10) Primary 7 (aged 10–11)

At the age of 11 children usually transfer to local State Secondary Schools or Public/Private (fee-paying)Schools

United States

Main article Education in the United States
Elementary school in California.

In the US the first stage of compulsory education is generally known as elementary education. It takes place in elementary schools which usually incorporate the first five grades and sometimes have a kindergarten. Elementary schools in the US are also known as grade schools or grammar schools. In some schools, teachers utilize a "looping system" where the same teacher teaches the same group of students for two years. For example, a third-grade class may have one teacher who would teach those students for an entire year, then that teacher would teach fourth-grade the next year, and thereby teach the same class again. The teacher would then revert back to the third grade the following year to start the process all over with a different group of students.

Over the past few decades, schools in the USA have been testing various arrangements which break from the one-teacher, one-class mould. Multi-age programmes, where children in different grades (e.g. Kindergarten through to second grade) share the same classroom and teachers, is one increasingly popular alternative to traditional elementary instruction. An alternative is that children might have a main class and go to another teacher's room for one subject, such as science, while the science teacher's main class will go to the other teacher's room for another subject, such as social studies. This could be called a two-teacher, two-class mould, or a rotation, similar to the concept of teams in junior high school. Another method is to have the children have one set of classroom teachers in the first half of the year, and a different set of classroom teachers in the second half of the year.

See also

Book:Education
Books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

References

  1. ^ India 2009: A Reference Annual (53rd edition), 233
  2. ^ India 2009: A Reference Annual (53rd edition), 230–234
  3. ^ Deirdré Straughan. Italian Vacation Habits. 2006-09-05. Retrieved 2008-12-26
  4. ^ Department of Education for Northern Ireland.

External links

Schools
By educational stage
Early years Preschool • Kindergarten • Nursery school
Primary education Primary school • Elementary school
Secondary education High school • Secondary school • Middle school • Grammar school • Upper school • University-preparatory school • Independent school (UK) • Gymnasium
Tertiary education University • Vocational school • College • Community college • Upper division college
Higher education Academy • Polytechnic
Adult training Further education • Continuing education • Adult education
By funding / eligibility Free education • Private school • Public school • Independent school • Independent school (UK) • Charter school • Academy (UK) • Comprehensive school
By style of education Day school • Alternative school • Parochial school • Free school • Boarding school • Magnet school • Virtual school • K-12
By scope Compulsory education • Democratic education • Vocational school • Tertiary-preparatory school

Categories: Educational stages | School types | Elementary and primary schools

 

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